"[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Sallust - Spartacus Educational Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. Guide. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. Graduate Admissions - New York University The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Church and W. J. Brodribb. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Primary Sources: The 1960s: Selma to Montgomery March (1965) [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. Books. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . Secondary sources are interpretations of history. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. In . [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. Eight Ways to Teach With Primary Sources - Education Week He was, however, defeated. Revised on November 11, 2022. Primary Source Terms:. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself.
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